2021-04-29_3 Ribet Class groups and Galois representations

Ribet, “Class groups and Galois representations”

Tags: #seminar_notes

Reference: Ribet, “Class Groups and Galois Representations”. https://math.berkeley.edu/~ribet/herbrand.pdf

  • Alternate definition of ideal class group : the group of fractional ideals.

    • Defined as \({\mathbb{Z}}[\operatorname{mSpec}{\mathcal{O}}_K]\) (the free \({\mathbb{Z}}{\hbox{-}}\)module on maximal ideals) modulo principal fractional ideal

  • What is the maximal unramified extension, i.e. the Hilbert class field?

  • The Artin map from class field theory : \({ \operatorname{Cl}} (K) \xrightarrow{\sim} { \mathsf{Gal}} (H/K)\) where \({\mathfrak{p}}\mapsto \mathop{\mathrm{Frob}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}}\).

  • Set \(G_k \coloneqq{ \mathsf{Gal}} ({ \mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5mu \mathbb{Q} \mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu }/K)\), then \({ \operatorname{Cl}} (K)\) is a quotient of \(G_k^{{\mathsf{Ab}}}\).

    • Equivalently, \({ \operatorname{Cl}} (K) {}^{ \vee }\leq G_k {}^{ \vee }\) where \(({-}) {}^{ \vee }\coloneqq\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}_{{\mathsf{Top}}{\mathsf{Grp}}}({-}, {\mathbb{C}}^{\times})\). I.e. take continuous characters.

  • Open question: are there infinitely many quadratic fields \(K\) for which \({ \operatorname{Cl}} (K) = 0\)

  • Dedekind zeta function

\begin{align*} \zeta_K \coloneqq\prod_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in \operatorname{mSpec}{\mathcal{O}}_K}(1 - N({\mathfrak{p}})^{-s} )^{-1} .\end{align*}

  • Note: guessing about the indexing set here. Original source just indexes over \({\mathfrak{p}}\)…

  • \(\mathop{\mathrm{Res}}_{s=1} \zeta_K\) involves \(h_k \coloneqq{\sharp}{ \operatorname{Cl}} (K)\).

  • Serre stresses: use functional equation to look at \(s=0\) instead of \(s=1\)! Leads to cleaner/simpler formulas.

  • Kummer theory proved FLT for exponent \(p\) for regular primes, i.e. \(\gcd(h_K, p) = 1\).

    • Kummer’s criterion: \(p\) is regular iff \(p\) divides none of the numerators of some Bernoulli numbers.

  • What is the Teichmuller character?

  • See Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture

\begin{align*} {\sharp}\Sha(E/{\mathbb{Q}}) \underset{?}{=} \qty{ L(E, 1) \over \Omega} \qty{ {\sharp}(E({\mathbb{Q}}))^2 \over \prod_\ell w_\ell} ,\end{align*}

where \(\Omega\) is a period and \(w_\ell\) are the local Tamagawa numbers.

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